Sama‘ and Its Manifestations in Hafez’s Poetry

Abstract

This study examines the concept of Sama‘ as one of the most significant mystical practices within the Divan of Hafez, aiming to analyze its various dimensions and representations in his poetry. The paper begins by addressing the origins and nature of Sama‘ in Sufi tradition, highlighting its function as a medium for attaining spiritual states and mystical insight. Through a close reading of selected verses, the study explores different manifestations of Sama‘, including the depiction of Sama‘ gatherings, its psychological and spiritual effects on the mystic, the conditions and etiquette governing such rituals, and the role of music and musical instruments in inducing ecstasy and transcendence. The findings indicate that Hafez perceives Sama‘ not merely as a physical or ritualistic act but as a profound spiritual experience that facilitates detachment from worldly attachments and movement toward ultimate truth. Moreover, Hafez employs rich symbolic imagery and poetic devices to convey complex mystical meanings, enabling readers to engage in a shared experience of spiritual enthusiasm and aesthetic pleasure. The study also reveals Hafez’s emphasis on the power of poetry within Sama‘ gatherings and his implicit assertion of the superiority of his own verses in evoking mystical states. Ultimately, Sama‘ in Hafez’s poetry functions as a multilayered concept encompassing aesthetic, mystical, and psychological dimensions, reflecting the poet’s deep worldview and inner experiences.